diff --git a/app/scodoc/sco_apogee_csv.py b/app/scodoc/sco_apogee_csv.py
index 1e9610c1..28a02a69 100644
--- a/app/scodoc/sco_apogee_csv.py
+++ b/app/scodoc/sco_apogee_csv.py
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def fix_data_encoding(
     return text, message
 
 
-class StringIOFileLineWrapper(object):
+class StringIOFileLineWrapper:
     def __init__(self, data: str):
         self.f = io.StringIO(data)
         self.lineno = 0
@@ -1098,14 +1098,14 @@ def _apo_read_cols(f):
         # sanity check
         col_id = fs[0]  # apoL_c0001, ...
         if col_id in cols:
-            raise ScoFormatError("duplicate column definition: %s" % col_id)
+            raise ScoFormatError(f"duplicate column definition: {col_id}")
         m = re.match(r"^apoL_c([0-9]{4})$", col_id)
         if not m:
             raise ScoFormatError(
-                "invalid column id: %s (expecting apoL_c%04d)" % (line, col_id)
+                f"invalid column id: {line} (expecting apoL_c{col_id})"
             )
         if int(m.group(1)) != i:
-            raise ScoFormatError("invalid column id: %s for index %s" % (col_id, i))
+            raise ScoFormatError(f"invalid column id: {col_id} for index {i}")
 
         cols[col_id] = DictCol(list(zip(col_keys, fs)))
         cols[col_id].lineno = f.lineno  # for debuging purpose
@@ -1127,11 +1127,10 @@ def _apo_read_TITRES(f):
         if len(fields) == 2:
             k, v = fields
         else:
-            log("Error read CSV: \nline=%s\nfields=%s" % (line, fields))
+            log(f"Error read CSV: \nline={line}\nfields={fields}")
             log(dir(f))
             raise ScoFormatError(
-                "Fichier Apogee incorrect (section titres, %d champs au lieu de 2)"
-                % len(fields)
+                f"Fichier Apogee incorrect (section titres, {len(fields)} champs au lieu de 2)"
             )
         d[k] = v
     #